World Development Report-2015: Mind, Society and Behavior (8) - Rawan For Media Artistic and Production
Individuals who must exert a great deal of mental energy every day just
to ensure access to necessities such as food and clean water are left
with less energy for careful deliberation than those who, simply by
virtue of living in an area with good infrastructure and good
institutions, can instead focus on investing in a business or going to
school committee meetings.
Poor people may thus be forced to rely even more heavily on automatic
decision making than those who are not poor sugar cane farmers in India,
for example, typically receive their income once a year, at the time of
harvest.
The large income difference between just before the harvest and just after affects financial decision making.
Right before the harvest, these farmers are much more likely to have taken on loans and to have pawned some of their belongings.
Farmers
perform worse on the same series of cognitive tests before receiving
their harvest income than after receiving their earnings—a difference in
scores that is equivalent to roughly 10 IQ points. In this sense,
poverty imposes a cognitive tax.
Development
policy aimed at reducing or removing the cognitive tax on poverty might
seek to shift the timing of critical decisions away from periods when
cognitive capacity and energy (bandwidth) are predictably low (such as
moving school enrollment decisions closer to periods when income is
higher) or targeting assistance to decisions that may require a lot of
bandwidth (such as choosing a health insurance plan or applying to a
higher education program).
Psychological
and anthropological research also suggests that poverty generates a
mental model through which the poor see themselves and their
opportunities.
In
all countries studied to date, whether low, middle, or high income,
there is a divergence as early as age three in the cognitive and
non-cognitive skills of children in households at the bottom of the
national wealth distribution and those in households at the top.
The disparity stems in part from problems that policy can address.
The
problem of insufficient stimulation to children is of particular
concern for low-income countries. A study of care giving practices by
mothers in 28 developing countries found that socio emotional care
giving did not vary widely by level of development. In contrast, the
amount of cognitive stimulation that mothers provide is systematically
lower in countries with lower measures of economic, health, and
education variables, according to the United Nations Human Development
Index. In this study, the level of cognitive stimulation was measured by
the number of times that a caregiver read books, told stories, and
engaged in naming, counting, or drawing with the child. When cognitive
stimulation among infants is low, they have fewer and less sophisticated
linguistic interactions, which can result in less facility with
language and impede future scholastic achievement.
Very
early childhood stimulation has a large impact on adult success in the
labor market; a 20-year study in Jamaica found (Gertler and others
2014).
Community health workers made weekly home visits to teach mothers how
to play and interact with their children in ways that promote cognitive
and emotional development.
Children
who were randomly selected to participate in the program earned 25
percent more as adults than those in the control group who did not
participate in the program—enough to close the earnings gap with a
population that was not disadvantaged.
Household finance
Making
a good financial decision is difficult. It requires individuals to
understand the future cost of money, focus on gains and losses
evenhandedly, resist the temptation to consume too much, and avoid
procrastinating. Recent behavioral and social insights demonstrate the
difficulties involved, while also opening avenues for policy makers to
help individuals make decisions that serve their interests and achieve
their goals.
High
consumer debt often results from a form of thinking automatically, in
which individuals attach much more weight to current consumption through
borrowing than to the loss of consumption that will occur when they
have to pay back a loan in the future.
Certain types of financial regulation can help consumers frame their
decisions about borrowing in a broader context that encompasses more
than the prospect of immediate consumption. This kind of regulation
helps individuals make financial decisions that they would likely prefer
if they had thought deliberatively about them rather than
automatically.
By World Bank Group Edited by Alula Berhe Kidani, 15 hours 46 minutes ago
This
Report aims to inspire and guide the researchers and practitioners who
can help advance a new set of development approaches based on a fuller
consideration of psychological and social influences.
Poverty
Poverty
is not only a deficit in material resources but also a context in which
decisions are made. It can impose a cognitive burden on individuals
that makes it especially difficult for them to think deliberatively
Report aims to inspire and guide the researchers and practitioners who
can help advance a new set of development approaches based on a fuller
consideration of psychological and social influences.
Poverty
Poverty
is not only a deficit in material resources but also a context in which
decisions are made. It can impose a cognitive burden on individuals
that makes it especially difficult for them to think deliberatively
Individuals who must exert a great deal of mental energy every day just
to ensure access to necessities such as food and clean water are left
with less energy for careful deliberation than those who, simply by
virtue of living in an area with good infrastructure and good
institutions, can instead focus on investing in a business or going to
school committee meetings.
Poor people may thus be forced to rely even more heavily on automatic
decision making than those who are not poor sugar cane farmers in India,
for example, typically receive their income once a year, at the time of
harvest.
The large income difference between just before the harvest and just after affects financial decision making.
Right before the harvest, these farmers are much more likely to have taken on loans and to have pawned some of their belongings.
This financial distress takes a toll on the cognitive resources that the farmers have available before harvest time.
Farmers
perform worse on the same series of cognitive tests before receiving
their harvest income than after receiving their earnings—a difference in
scores that is equivalent to roughly 10 IQ points. In this sense,
poverty imposes a cognitive tax.
Development
policy aimed at reducing or removing the cognitive tax on poverty might
seek to shift the timing of critical decisions away from periods when
cognitive capacity and energy (bandwidth) are predictably low (such as
moving school enrollment decisions closer to periods when income is
higher) or targeting assistance to decisions that may require a lot of
bandwidth (such as choosing a health insurance plan or applying to a
higher education program).
Psychological
and anthropological research also suggests that poverty generates a
mental model through which the poor see themselves and their
opportunities.
In
particular, it can dull the capacity to imagine a better life. Evidence
also shows that interventions and policy designs that alter this mental
model so that people can recognize their own potential more easily-or
that at least spare poor people from reminders of their deprivation-can
increase important development outcomes such as school achievement,
labor market participation, and the take-up of antipoverty programs.
Child development
High
stress and insufficient socio-emotional and cognitive stimulation in
the earliest years, which tend to be associated with growing up poor,
can impair the development of both the automatic decision-making system
(for instance, the ability to cope with stress) and the deliberative
system (for example, the ability to pay attention). Chapter 5 discusses
these issues.
particular, it can dull the capacity to imagine a better life. Evidence
also shows that interventions and policy designs that alter this mental
model so that people can recognize their own potential more easily-or
that at least spare poor people from reminders of their deprivation-can
increase important development outcomes such as school achievement,
labor market participation, and the take-up of antipoverty programs.
Child development
High
stress and insufficient socio-emotional and cognitive stimulation in
the earliest years, which tend to be associated with growing up poor,
can impair the development of both the automatic decision-making system
(for instance, the ability to cope with stress) and the deliberative
system (for example, the ability to pay attention). Chapter 5 discusses
these issues.
In
all countries studied to date, whether low, middle, or high income,
there is a divergence as early as age three in the cognitive and
non-cognitive skills of children in households at the bottom of the
national wealth distribution and those in households at the top.
The disparity stems in part from problems that policy can address.
The
problem of insufficient stimulation to children is of particular
concern for low-income countries. A study of care giving practices by
mothers in 28 developing countries found that socio emotional care
giving did not vary widely by level of development. In contrast, the
amount of cognitive stimulation that mothers provide is systematically
lower in countries with lower measures of economic, health, and
education variables, according to the United Nations Human Development
Index. In this study, the level of cognitive stimulation was measured by
the number of times that a caregiver read books, told stories, and
engaged in naming, counting, or drawing with the child. When cognitive
stimulation among infants is low, they have fewer and less sophisticated
linguistic interactions, which can result in less facility with
language and impede future scholastic achievement.
Very
early childhood stimulation has a large impact on adult success in the
labor market; a 20-year study in Jamaica found (Gertler and others
2014).
Community health workers made weekly home visits to teach mothers how
to play and interact with their children in ways that promote cognitive
and emotional development.
Children
who were randomly selected to participate in the program earned 25
percent more as adults than those in the control group who did not
participate in the program—enough to close the earnings gap with a
population that was not disadvantaged.
Household finance
Making
a good financial decision is difficult. It requires individuals to
understand the future cost of money, focus on gains and losses
evenhandedly, resist the temptation to consume too much, and avoid
procrastinating. Recent behavioral and social insights demonstrate the
difficulties involved, while also opening avenues for policy makers to
help individuals make decisions that serve their interests and achieve
their goals.
High
consumer debt often results from a form of thinking automatically, in
which individuals attach much more weight to current consumption through
borrowing than to the loss of consumption that will occur when they
have to pay back a loan in the future.
Certain types of financial regulation can help consumers frame their
decisions about borrowing in a broader context that encompasses more
than the prospect of immediate consumption. This kind of regulation
helps individuals make financial decisions that they would likely prefer
if they had thought deliberatively about them rather than
automatically.
By World Bank Group Edited by Alula Berhe Kidani, 15 hours 46 minutes ago
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