Highlights of Paris COP21 Climate Change Agreement (1) - Rawan For Media Artistic and Production
It
stressed on that climate change represents an urgent and potentially
irreversible threat to human societies and the planet and thus requires
the widest possible cooperation by all countries, and their
participation in an effective and appropriate international response,
with a view to accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas
emissions, deep reductions in global emissions will be required in order
to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and emphasizing the
need for urgency in addressing climate change.
It
also affirmed that climate change is a common concern of humankind,
Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect,
promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights, the
right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities,
migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable
situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality,
empowerment of women and intergenerational equity, acknowledging the
specific needs and concerns of developing country.
And
emphasizing with serious concern the urgent need to address the
significant gap between the aggregate effect of Parties’ mitigation
pledges in terms of global annual emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020
and aggregate emission pathways consistent with holding the increase in
the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial
levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C
above pre-industrial levels,
Also
emphasizing that enhanced pre?2020 ambition can lay a solid foundation
for enhanced post?2020 ambition, Stressing the urgency of accelerating
the implementation of the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol in order to
enhance pre-2020 ambition.
It
recognized the urgent need to enhance the provision of finance,
technology and capacity-building support by developed country Parties,
in a predictable manner, to enable enhanced pre-2020 action by
developing country Parties.
emphasized
the enduring benefits of ambitious and early action, including major
reductions in the cost of future mitigation and adaptation efforts, and
acknowledging the need to promote universal access to sustainable energy
in developing countries, in particular in Africa, through the enhanced
deployment of renewable energy.
It
agreed to uphold and promote regional and international cooperation in
order to mobilize stronger and more ambitious climate action by all
Parties and non-Party stakeholders, including civil society, the private
sector, financial institutions, cities and other subnational
authorities, local communities and indigenous peoples.
It
Noted with concern that the estimated aggregate greenhouse gas emission
levels in 2025 and 2030 resulting from the intended nationally
determined contributions do not fall within least-cost 2 ?C scenarios
but rather lead to a projected level of 55 gigatonnes in 2030, and also
notes that much greater emission reduction efforts will be required than
those associated with the intended nationally determined contributions
in order to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below
2 ?C above pre-industrial levels by reducing emissions to 40 gigatonnes
or to 1.5 ?C above pre-industrial levels by reducing to a level to be
identified in the special report referred to in paragraph 21 below.
It
noted that in this context, the adaptation needs expressed by many
developing country Parties in their intended nationally determined
contributions.
Also,
decided to convene a facilitative dialogue among Parties in 2018 to
take stock of the collective efforts of Parties in relation to progress
towards the long-term goal referred to in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the
Agreement and to inform the preparation of nationally determined
contributions pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Agreement;
And
Invited the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to provide a
special report in 2018 on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above
pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission
pathways and Invited Parties to communicate, by 2020, to the secretariat
mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development
strategies in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Agreement,
and requests the secretariat to publish on the UNFCCC website Parties’
low greenhouse gas emission development strategies as communicated.
The
Agreement recommended that the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement adopt rules, modalities
and procedures for the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4,
of the Agreement on the basis of:
(a) Voluntary participation authorized by each Party involved;
(b) Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change;
(c) Specific scopes of activities;
(d) Reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would otherwise occur;
(e)
Verification and certification of emission reductions resulting from
mitigation activities by designated operational entities;
(f)
Experience gained with and lessons learned from existing mechanisms and
approaches adopted under the Convention and its related legal
instruments;
And
asked all relevant United Nations agencies and international, regional
and national financial institutions to provide information to Parties
through the secretariat on how their development assistance and climate
finance programmes incorporate climate-proofing and climate resilience
measures;
Also
requests the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries
Expert Group, in collaboration with the Standing Committee on Finance
and other relevant institutions, to develop methodologies, and make
recommendations for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at
its first session on:
(a)
Taking the necessary steps to facilitate the mobilization of support
for adaptation in developing countries in the context of the limit to
global average temperature increase referred to in Article 2 of the
Agreement;
(b)
Reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support
referred to in Article 7, paragraph 14(c), of the Agreement;
The Paris Climate Change Agreement gave great attention to remedy measure for loss due to Climate Change impacts.
So,
decided that, in the implementation of the Agreement, financial
resources provided to developing countries should enhance the
implementation of their policies, strategies, regulations and action
plans and their climate change actions with respect to both mitigation
and adaptation to contribute to the achievement of the purpose of the
Agreement as defined in Article 2;
Also
decided that, in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 3, of the
Agreement, developed countries intend to continue their existing
collective mobilization goal through 2025 in the context of meaningful
mitigation actions and transparency on implementation; prior to 2025 the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the
Paris Agreement shall set a new collective quantified goal from a floor
of USD 100 billion per year, taking into account the needs and
priorities of developing countries;
And
recognizes the importance of adequate and predictable financial
resources, including for results-based payments, as appropriate, for the
implementation of policy approaches and positive incentives for
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the
role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement
of forest carbon stocks; as well as alternative policy approaches, such
as joint mitigation and adaptation approaches for the integral and
sustainable management of forests; while reaffirming the importance of
non-carbon benefits associated with such approaches; encouraging the
coordination of support from, inter alia, public and private, bilateral
and multilateral sources, such as the Green Climate Fund, and
alternative sources in accordance with relevant decisions by the
Conference of the Parties;
On
the Technology development and transfer to assist in the production of
clean renewable energy the Agreement decided to strengthen the
Technology Mechanism and requests the Technology Executive Committee and
the Climate Technology Centre and Network, in supporting the
implementation of the Agreement, to undertake further work relating to,
inter alia:
(a) Technology research, development and demonstration;
(b) The development and enhancement of endogenous capacities and technologies;
a)
The undertaking and updating of technology needs assessments, as well
as the enhanced implementation of their results, particularly technology
action plans and project ideas, through the preparation of bankable
projects;
c) The assessment of technologies those are ready for transfer;
(d)
The enhancement of enabling environments for and the addressing of
barriers to the development and transfer of socially and environmentally
sound technologies;
Capacity-Building
(a)
Assessing how to increase synergies through cooperation and avoid
duplication among existing bodies established under the Convention that
implement capacity-building activities, including through collaborating
with institutions under and outside the Convention;
(b) Identifying capacity gaps and needs and recommending ways to address them;
(c) Promoting the development and dissemination of tools and methodologies for the implementation of capacity-building;
(d) Fostering global, regional, national and subnational cooperation;
(e)
Identifying and collecting good practices, challenges, experiences, and
lessons learned from work on capacity-building by bodies established
under the Convention;
(f) Exploring how developing country Parties can take ownership of building and maintaining capacity over time and space;
(g) Identifying opportunities to strengthen capacity at the national, regional, and subnational level;
(h)
Fostering dialogue, coordination, collaboration and coherence among
relevant processes and initiatives under the Convention, including
through exchanging information on capacity-building activities and
strategies of bodies established under the Convention;
Transparency of Action and Support
Also decides that the Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency will aim:
(a) To strengthen national institutions for transparency-related activities in line with national priorities;
(b) To provide relevant tools, training and assistance for meeting the provisions stipulated in Article 13 of the Agreement;
(c) To assist in the improvement of transparency over time.
And
Urges and requests the Global Environment Facility to make arrangements
to support the establishment and operation of the Capacity-building
Initiative for Transparency as a priority reporting-related need,
including through voluntary contributions to support developing
countries in the sixth replenishment of the Global Environment Facility
and future replenishment cycles, to complement existing support under
the Global Environment Facility;
And
decided to assess the implementation of the Capacity-building
Initiative for Transparency in the context of the seventh review of the
financial mechanism;
It
also requested that the Global Environment Facility, as an operating
entity of the financial mechanism include in its annual report to the
Conference of the Parties the progress of work in the design,
development and implementation of the Capacity-building Initiative for
Transparency referred to in paragraph 85 above starting in 2016;
And
decided that, in accordance with Article 13, paragraph 2, of the
Agreement, developing countries shall be provided flexibility in the
implementation of the provisions of that Article, including in the
scope, frequency and level of detail of reporting, and in the scope of
review, and that the scope of review could provide for in-country
reviews to be optional, while such flexibilities shall be reflected in
the development of modalities, procedures and guidelines referred to in
paragraph 92 below.
Also
requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement in developing
the recommendations for the modalities, procedures and guidelines
referred to in paragraph 92 above to take into account, inter alia:
(a) The importance of facilitating improved reporting and transparency over time;
(b) The need to provide flexibility to those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities;
(c) The need to promote transparency, accuracy, completeness, consistency, and comparability;
(d) The need to avoid duplication as well as undue burden on Parties and the secretariat;
(e)
The need to ensure that Parties maintain at least the frequency and
quality of reporting in accordance with their respective obligations
under the Convention;
(f) The need to ensure that double counting is avoided;
(g) The need to ensure environmental integrity;
By Alula Berhe Kidani, 16 hours 40 minutes ago
There
is no dispute that the Paris COP21 international Climate Change
Agreement approved by 195 countries in 12 December.2015 is a great
strayed in the right direction to combat the negative impact of global
climate changing and warming. There is of course many gaps in the
agreement but this is normal in internal agreements that try to combine
different conflicting interests specially in a matter like Climate
Change.
We
will start this series of articles by first highlighting the most
important issues agreed upon in the Agreement and later discuss what
improvements can be made may in the next climate change summit next year
2016 in Morocco.
There
is some major documents on sustainable development that have been
welcomed by the parties to the Paris Agreement which include, United
Nations General Assembly resolution adapting the “Transforming our
world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, in particular its
goal 13, and the adoption of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the third
International Conference on Financing for Development and the adoption
of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
is no dispute that the Paris COP21 international Climate Change
Agreement approved by 195 countries in 12 December.2015 is a great
strayed in the right direction to combat the negative impact of global
climate changing and warming. There is of course many gaps in the
agreement but this is normal in internal agreements that try to combine
different conflicting interests specially in a matter like Climate
Change.
We
will start this series of articles by first highlighting the most
important issues agreed upon in the Agreement and later discuss what
improvements can be made may in the next climate change summit next year
2016 in Morocco.
There
is some major documents on sustainable development that have been
welcomed by the parties to the Paris Agreement which include, United
Nations General Assembly resolution adapting the “Transforming our
world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, in particular its
goal 13, and the adoption of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the third
International Conference on Financing for Development and the adoption
of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
It
stressed on that climate change represents an urgent and potentially
irreversible threat to human societies and the planet and thus requires
the widest possible cooperation by all countries, and their
participation in an effective and appropriate international response,
with a view to accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas
emissions, deep reductions in global emissions will be required in order
to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and emphasizing the
need for urgency in addressing climate change.
It
also affirmed that climate change is a common concern of humankind,
Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect,
promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights, the
right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities,
migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable
situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality,
empowerment of women and intergenerational equity, acknowledging the
specific needs and concerns of developing country.
And
emphasizing with serious concern the urgent need to address the
significant gap between the aggregate effect of Parties’ mitigation
pledges in terms of global annual emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020
and aggregate emission pathways consistent with holding the increase in
the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial
levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C
above pre-industrial levels,
Also
emphasizing that enhanced pre?2020 ambition can lay a solid foundation
for enhanced post?2020 ambition, Stressing the urgency of accelerating
the implementation of the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol in order to
enhance pre-2020 ambition.
It
recognized the urgent need to enhance the provision of finance,
technology and capacity-building support by developed country Parties,
in a predictable manner, to enable enhanced pre-2020 action by
developing country Parties.
emphasized
the enduring benefits of ambitious and early action, including major
reductions in the cost of future mitigation and adaptation efforts, and
acknowledging the need to promote universal access to sustainable energy
in developing countries, in particular in Africa, through the enhanced
deployment of renewable energy.
It
agreed to uphold and promote regional and international cooperation in
order to mobilize stronger and more ambitious climate action by all
Parties and non-Party stakeholders, including civil society, the private
sector, financial institutions, cities and other subnational
authorities, local communities and indigenous peoples.
It
Noted with concern that the estimated aggregate greenhouse gas emission
levels in 2025 and 2030 resulting from the intended nationally
determined contributions do not fall within least-cost 2 ?C scenarios
but rather lead to a projected level of 55 gigatonnes in 2030, and also
notes that much greater emission reduction efforts will be required than
those associated with the intended nationally determined contributions
in order to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below
2 ?C above pre-industrial levels by reducing emissions to 40 gigatonnes
or to 1.5 ?C above pre-industrial levels by reducing to a level to be
identified in the special report referred to in paragraph 21 below.
It
noted that in this context, the adaptation needs expressed by many
developing country Parties in their intended nationally determined
contributions.
Also,
decided to convene a facilitative dialogue among Parties in 2018 to
take stock of the collective efforts of Parties in relation to progress
towards the long-term goal referred to in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the
Agreement and to inform the preparation of nationally determined
contributions pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Agreement;
And
Invited the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to provide a
special report in 2018 on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above
pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission
pathways and Invited Parties to communicate, by 2020, to the secretariat
mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development
strategies in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Agreement,
and requests the secretariat to publish on the UNFCCC website Parties’
low greenhouse gas emission development strategies as communicated.
The
Agreement recommended that the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement adopt rules, modalities
and procedures for the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4,
of the Agreement on the basis of:
(a) Voluntary participation authorized by each Party involved;
(b) Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change;
(c) Specific scopes of activities;
(d) Reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would otherwise occur;
(e)
Verification and certification of emission reductions resulting from
mitigation activities by designated operational entities;
(f)
Experience gained with and lessons learned from existing mechanisms and
approaches adopted under the Convention and its related legal
instruments;
And
asked all relevant United Nations agencies and international, regional
and national financial institutions to provide information to Parties
through the secretariat on how their development assistance and climate
finance programmes incorporate climate-proofing and climate resilience
measures;
Also
requests the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries
Expert Group, in collaboration with the Standing Committee on Finance
and other relevant institutions, to develop methodologies, and make
recommendations for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at
its first session on:
(a)
Taking the necessary steps to facilitate the mobilization of support
for adaptation in developing countries in the context of the limit to
global average temperature increase referred to in Article 2 of the
Agreement;
(b)
Reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support
referred to in Article 7, paragraph 14(c), of the Agreement;
The Paris Climate Change Agreement gave great attention to remedy measure for loss due to Climate Change impacts.
So,
decided that, in the implementation of the Agreement, financial
resources provided to developing countries should enhance the
implementation of their policies, strategies, regulations and action
plans and their climate change actions with respect to both mitigation
and adaptation to contribute to the achievement of the purpose of the
Agreement as defined in Article 2;
Also
decided that, in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 3, of the
Agreement, developed countries intend to continue their existing
collective mobilization goal through 2025 in the context of meaningful
mitigation actions and transparency on implementation; prior to 2025 the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the
Paris Agreement shall set a new collective quantified goal from a floor
of USD 100 billion per year, taking into account the needs and
priorities of developing countries;
And
recognizes the importance of adequate and predictable financial
resources, including for results-based payments, as appropriate, for the
implementation of policy approaches and positive incentives for
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the
role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement
of forest carbon stocks; as well as alternative policy approaches, such
as joint mitigation and adaptation approaches for the integral and
sustainable management of forests; while reaffirming the importance of
non-carbon benefits associated with such approaches; encouraging the
coordination of support from, inter alia, public and private, bilateral
and multilateral sources, such as the Green Climate Fund, and
alternative sources in accordance with relevant decisions by the
Conference of the Parties;
On
the Technology development and transfer to assist in the production of
clean renewable energy the Agreement decided to strengthen the
Technology Mechanism and requests the Technology Executive Committee and
the Climate Technology Centre and Network, in supporting the
implementation of the Agreement, to undertake further work relating to,
inter alia:
(a) Technology research, development and demonstration;
(b) The development and enhancement of endogenous capacities and technologies;
a)
The undertaking and updating of technology needs assessments, as well
as the enhanced implementation of their results, particularly technology
action plans and project ideas, through the preparation of bankable
projects;
c) The assessment of technologies those are ready for transfer;
(d)
The enhancement of enabling environments for and the addressing of
barriers to the development and transfer of socially and environmentally
sound technologies;
Capacity-Building
(a)
Assessing how to increase synergies through cooperation and avoid
duplication among existing bodies established under the Convention that
implement capacity-building activities, including through collaborating
with institutions under and outside the Convention;
(b) Identifying capacity gaps and needs and recommending ways to address them;
(c) Promoting the development and dissemination of tools and methodologies for the implementation of capacity-building;
(d) Fostering global, regional, national and subnational cooperation;
(e)
Identifying and collecting good practices, challenges, experiences, and
lessons learned from work on capacity-building by bodies established
under the Convention;
(f) Exploring how developing country Parties can take ownership of building and maintaining capacity over time and space;
(g) Identifying opportunities to strengthen capacity at the national, regional, and subnational level;
(h)
Fostering dialogue, coordination, collaboration and coherence among
relevant processes and initiatives under the Convention, including
through exchanging information on capacity-building activities and
strategies of bodies established under the Convention;
Transparency of Action and Support
Also decides that the Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency will aim:
(a) To strengthen national institutions for transparency-related activities in line with national priorities;
(b) To provide relevant tools, training and assistance for meeting the provisions stipulated in Article 13 of the Agreement;
(c) To assist in the improvement of transparency over time.
And
Urges and requests the Global Environment Facility to make arrangements
to support the establishment and operation of the Capacity-building
Initiative for Transparency as a priority reporting-related need,
including through voluntary contributions to support developing
countries in the sixth replenishment of the Global Environment Facility
and future replenishment cycles, to complement existing support under
the Global Environment Facility;
And
decided to assess the implementation of the Capacity-building
Initiative for Transparency in the context of the seventh review of the
financial mechanism;
It
also requested that the Global Environment Facility, as an operating
entity of the financial mechanism include in its annual report to the
Conference of the Parties the progress of work in the design,
development and implementation of the Capacity-building Initiative for
Transparency referred to in paragraph 85 above starting in 2016;
And
decided that, in accordance with Article 13, paragraph 2, of the
Agreement, developing countries shall be provided flexibility in the
implementation of the provisions of that Article, including in the
scope, frequency and level of detail of reporting, and in the scope of
review, and that the scope of review could provide for in-country
reviews to be optional, while such flexibilities shall be reflected in
the development of modalities, procedures and guidelines referred to in
paragraph 92 below.
Also
requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement in developing
the recommendations for the modalities, procedures and guidelines
referred to in paragraph 92 above to take into account, inter alia:
(a) The importance of facilitating improved reporting and transparency over time;
(b) The need to provide flexibility to those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities;
(c) The need to promote transparency, accuracy, completeness, consistency, and comparability;
(d) The need to avoid duplication as well as undue burden on Parties and the secretariat;
(e)
The need to ensure that Parties maintain at least the frequency and
quality of reporting in accordance with their respective obligations
under the Convention;
(f) The need to ensure that double counting is avoided;
(g) The need to ensure environmental integrity;
By Alula Berhe Kidani, 16 hours 40 minutes ago
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق